Thông tin về chất Menlamine

92A01 · 30-09-2008, 08:49 AM

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Information to all UN staff<o:p></o:p>

Re: <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">China</st1:place></st1:country-region> baby milk contamination<o:p></o:p>

Sept 26<sup>th</sup>, 2008<o:p></o:p>

<o:p> </o:p>
Melamine: what is it?<o:p></o:p>
Melamine, a by-product of coal, is used in a range of industries. Because it is high in nitrogen, under some tests it can be mistaken for protein. In this instance melamine has been added to milk and milk powder to give a higher protein reading so manufacturers can disguise diluted products. <o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
However, melamine, as a chemical itself, has low toxicity. Therefore, large and concentrated amounts need to be consumed before there is an impact on the body. This is why only small children have become ill – as they have a low body weight and <o:p></o:p>
consume large amounts of baby milk formula.<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
Consuming very small amounts of melamine in other products such as sweets, cakes and biscuits will not harm you.<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
At this point there are no reports of adults falling ill. <o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
Vietnamese Government response to the contamination:<o:p></o:p>
Action by the Vietnamese Government to investigate any possible contamination of imported products has been swift. Products from dozens of companies have been tested already. There is ongoing testing and companies must comply with directions to have their products independently verified and the results supplied to Government. <o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
So far in <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Viet Nam</st1:place></st1:country-region> - milk powder from only one Chinese company (YiLi) has been identified as having melamine content. These products have been removed from shelves and destroyed.<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
Food testing:<o:p></o:p>
It is not practical for <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:country-region w:st="on">Viet Nam</st1:country-region></st1:place> or any country to test all food imported into the country. It would take too long, be too difficult and too costly. Thorough testing must be done in the country of manufacture. If a problem of contamination is identified by a country, it has an obligation to inform trading partners and INFOSAN.<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
Should I be worried for myself of my children?<o:p></o:p>
No. However, remain cautious. <o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
General Warning: Do not buy products that you do not know the original of, if there are no labels, products are out of <st1:personname w:st="on">dat</st1:personname>e or you think they may be imported illegally.<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
What is the effect of consuming melamine?<o:p></o:p>
When combined with another chemical (e.g. cyanuric acid which is also present in melamine powder) melamine can form crystals which can give rise to kidney stones.<o:p></o:p>
These small crystals can also block the small tubes in the kidney potentially stopping the production of urine, creating kidney stones and in some cases causing kidney failure. <o:p></o:p>
What are the symptoms and signs of melamine poisoning?<o:p></o:p>
Irritability, blood in urine, little or no urine, signs of kidney infection, high blood pressure, signs of kidney stones, incessant crying (an indication of pain).<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
What is the treatment for kidney failure?<o:p></o:p>
Patients may receive various types of treatment, depending on the severity of kidney failure. Treatment may include infusion of fluids and urine alkalinisation, administration of sodium bicarbonate and insulin, blood and peritoneal dialysis, or surgical removal of kidney stones.<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
Does WHO recommend that countries ban the import of Chinese dairy products?<o:p></o:p>
Not at this stage. However, for infant formula, given the heavy reliance on this as a food by small infants, it would be particularly prudent for competent authorities to closely monitor the product for contamination and to monitor for and action against illegally imported product matching that found to be contaminated in China. WHO will continue to immediately share information on brands of potentially contaminated Chinese products through its INFOSAN network so authorities are better informed and can better target their own monitoring.<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
Where is more information available?<o:p></o:p>
The main source of information on food products that may have been affected is through the International Food Safety Authorities Network (INFOSAN).<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
WHO websites:<o:p></o:p>
WHO Food safety: [Đăng nhập để xem liên kết. ]<o:p></o:p>
WHO Q&A on melamine [Đăng nhập để xem liên kết. ]<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
WHO medical information on melamine:<o:p></o:p>
[Đăng nhập để xem liên kết. ]<o:p></o:p>
[Đăng nhập để xem liên kết. ]<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
Other sources:<o:p></o:p>
AQSIQ test results<o:p></o:p>
All infant formula products in <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">China</st1:place></st1:country-region>:<o:p></o:p>
[Đăng nhập để xem liên kết. ]<o:p></o:p>
Melamine-free products:<o:p></o:p>
[Đăng nhập để xem liên kết. ]<o:p></o:p>
Key messages to the media/general public from WHO and UNICEF<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
Breastfeeding is key – those mothers who are breastfeeding are not impacted by this contamination scare. New mothers should be reminded that the safest and most nutritious food for their babies is breast milk.<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>

Recent studies show that only 17% of Vietnamese infants were breastfed exclusively in the first six months of life.<o:p></o:p>
Initiation of breast feeding within one hour after birth is not up to expectations with a rate of 58%. <o:p></o:p>
It is very common in <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Viet Nam</st1:place></st1:country-region> to give water, milk, sugar fluid to the infants soon after delivery.<o:p></o:p>
In recent years we have seen an increase in bottle-feeding for infants. <o:p></o:p>
Up to 80% of Vietnamese children are given complementary food before 6 months of age. <o:p></o:p>
This provides a major challenge to successful exclusive breastfeeding in the first six months of life. <o:p></o:p>

Mothers should breastfeed newborns EXCLUSIVELY FOR SIX MONTHS – and follow this with appropriate complimentary food along with breastfeeding until the child is two years old.<o:p></o:p>
It is the greatest gift a mother can give<o:p></o:p>
More than one third of child deaths occur during the first fragile month of life and early breastfeeding provides critical nutrients, protects infants against deadly diseases and fosters growth and development.<o:p></o:p>
Non- breastfed babies more suffered from later chronic diseases such as obesity, diabetics, cardio-vascular diseases and metal retar<st1:personname w:st="on">dat</st1:personname>ion than breastfed babies<o:p></o:p>

·Infants under 6 moths of age NO NOT need water besides mother milks to clean the mouth after breast feeding<o:p></o:p>
·Infants under 6 months of age DO NOT need early solid food/rice powder other than breast milk to be stronger<o:p></o:p>
·Infant formula IS NOT better than mother’s breast <o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
Food safety:<o:p></o:p>
Food safety laws need to be strengthen in all countries – not just <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:country-region w:st="on">Viet Nam</st1:country-region></st1:place>. This terrible issue has highlighted the need for better surveillance and monitoring by all countries. <o:p></o:p>
International trade is changing and laws need to be up<st1:personname w:st="on">dat</st1:personname>ed constantly to reflect the changes and to protect consumers. But in addition to better laws enforcement and surveillance is vital.<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
WHO and UNICEF working with government:<o:p></o:p>
The UN agencies have offered support and are committed to working with the VFA on this issue. We are receiving information and briefings from them. We have offered technical assistance. Support from WHO includes improving the capacity of food safety officers, surveillance techniques, training, helping draft legislation and IEC materials.<o:p></o:p>
<o:p> </o:p>
We continue to offer ongoing assistance and support and will work closely with VFA.<o:p></o:p>